260803 – Phrases and Clauses

課文講解錄音

課文

8 月 3 日 星期一
每日英語

Phrases and Clauses 詞組與子句

 

教學目標:

完成本課後,你可以:

  • 分辨 parts of speech (詞性)中的其中三個: noun (名詞)、adjective (形容詞)  和 verb (動詞)。
  • 分辨 phrase(詞組) 和 clause(子句)。
  • 找出句子中的名詞詞組、形容詞詞組和動詞詞組。
  • 明白英文句子的基本結構:subject(主語)+ verb(動詞)+ other information(其他資料)。
  • 運用詞組和子句描述身體狀況、日常生活及簡單事情。

1. Parts of Speech 詞性(非全部)

A. Noun 名詞

A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea.
名詞係表示 地方物件,或者 概念 嘅字。

Examples
    • Person: doctor 醫生, sister 姊/妹
    • Place: hospital 醫院, London 倫敦
    • Thing: pain 痛, chair
    • Idea: happiness 快樂, time 時間

B. Adjective 形容詞

An adjective is a word that describes a noun.
形容詞係用嚟 形容名詞 嘅字。

Examples
    • sharp pain (痛 / 尖銳嘅痛)
    • big house (屋)
    • tired doctor (攰嘅醫生)
    • easy lesson (容易嘅課)

C. Verb 動詞

A verb is a word that shows an action or a state.
動詞係表示 動作 或者 狀態 嘅字。

Action: run, eat, speak (跑、食、講)

State: be (am, is, are), feel, have (係、 覺得 / 感覺、 有)

Examples
    • You have this pain. (你呢種痛。)
    • She is tired. (佢[]好攰。)
    • They run every day. (佢哋每日都跑步。)

2. 三種常見詞組

A. Noun Phrase 名詞詞組

A noun phrase works like a noun. It can be a subject or an object.

名詞詞組好似一個名詞咁用,可以做主語 (做動作嘅人) 或受詞 (接受動作嘅嘢)。

名詞詞組:
      • the sharp pain (呢種刺痛)
      • my sister (我姐姐)
      • this big house (呢間大屋)
      • a cup of tea (一杯茶)
      • the medicine from the doctor (醫生開嘅藥)
Examples
    • The sharp pain is worrying.
      (呢種刺痛令人擔心。)
    • I need a cup of tea.
      (我需要一杯茶。)
    • My sister called me.
      (我姐姐打畀我。)
Subject 主語 – verb 動詞- object 受詞

I (subject) need (verb) a cup of tea (object)

(主語) (動詞) 一杯茶(受詞)

 

B. Adjective Phrase 形容詞詞組

An adjective phrase describes a noun or gives information about the subject.

形容詞詞組用嚟形容名詞,或者講明主語係點。

形容詞詞組:
    • very sharp (非常尖銳)
    • quite painful (相當痛)
    • easy to understand (容易明白)
    • worried about the pain (擔心呢種痛)
Examples
    • The pain is very sharp.
      (啲痛非常刺痛。)
    • This lesson is easy to understand.
      (呢課容易明白。)
    • She feels quite weak.
      (佢覺得相當虛弱。)

C. Verb Phrase 動詞詞組

A verb phrase contains the main verb and, if present, helper verbs such as be,
have, or will.

動詞詞組包括主要動詞,以及可能出現嘅助動詞。

動詞詞組:
    • is waiting (正在等)
    • has been living (一直住)
    • will go (會去)
    • can help (可以幫忙)
    • did not sleep (冇瞓覺)
Examples
    • She is waiting outside.
      (佢而家喺出面等緊。)
    • He has been living here for years.
      (佢喺度住咗好多年。)
    • I will go tomorrow.
      (我聽日會去。)

2. Phrase 詞組 同 Clause子句嘅分別

A. Phrase 詞組

A phrase is a group of words that works together, but it does not contain a complete subject–verb idea.

詞組係幾個一齊運作嘅字,但通常唔包含完整嘅「主語+動詞」意思。

詞組:
    • the sharp pain (呢種刺痛)
    • my sister (我姐姐)
    • in the morning (喺朝早)
    • very weak (非常虛弱)
    • after the appointment (覆診之後)
B. Clause 子句

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.

子句通常有主語同動詞;有些子句可以獨立成為完整句子,
有些則需要連接另一個子句。

子句:
    • You have chest pain. (你胸口痛。)
    • My sister is waiting. (我姐姐正在等候。)
    • because I feel weak (因為我覺得虛弱)
    • when I walk (當我行路嗰陣)

快速測試

問自己兩個問題:

    1. 有冇「邊個/乜嘢」做主語?
    2. 有冇動詞或動詞組?

如果有主語和動詞,通常是 clause
如果只是一些字組合在一起,通常是 phrase

3. Clause 的兩個主要種類

A. Independent Clause 獨立子句

An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.
獨立子句表達完整意思,可以自己成為一句句子。

獨立子句:
    • I feel weak. (我覺得虛弱。)
    • The pain is sharp. (啲痛係刺痛。)
    • She is waiting outside.  (佢喺出面等緊。)

B. Dependent Clause 從屬子句

A dependent clause has a subject and a verb, but it does not express a complete thought by itself.

從屬子句有主語同動詞,但單獨出現時意思未完整,通常要連接另一個子句。

從屬子句:

好多時都係用 becausewhenifalthough、或者 that 開始。

    • because I feel weak (因為我覺得虛弱)
    • when I walk (當我行路嗰陣)
    • if the pain continues
      (如果痛楚持續)
    • although she is tired
      (雖然佢攰)
Complete sentences
    • I will see the doctor
      because I feel weak.
      (我會去睇醫生,因為我覺得虛弱。)
    • When I walk, it hurts.
      (我行路嗰陣會痛。)
    • Call the clinic 
      if the pain continues.
      (如果痛楚持續,就打畀診所。)
    • Although she is tired,
      she is still working.
      (雖然佢攰,佢仍然繼續工作。)

4. 由詞組變成子句

比較以下例子:

Phrase 詞組Clause 子句
after the appointment 
覆診之後
after I see the doctor
我睇完醫生之後
because of the pain
因為痛楚
because I feel pain
因為我覺得痛
before dinner
晚飯之前
before we have dinner
我哋食晚飯之前
in the morning
朝早
when the morning comes
當朝早來到時

簡單記法

  • Phrase:冇完整主語+動詞。
  • Clause:有主語+動詞。

5. 重要提醒:中文和英文的分別

粵語通常可以省略主語,例如:「食咗飯未?」
但英文通常需要清楚寫出主語:

    • Have eaten yet?
    • Have you eaten yet?
      (你食咗飯未?)

英文完整句子通常需要:

Subject + Verb

    • I feel weak.
      (我覺得虛弱。)
    • She is tired.
      (佢攰。)
    • The pain hurts when I walk.
      (我行路嗰陣會痛。)

另外,英文的 be 動詞不可隨意省略:

    • She tired.
    • She is tired.
      (佢攰。)

6. 小練習

A. Phrase 還是 Clause?

P(phrase)或 C(clause)。

  1. the big house
  2. my brother is ill
  3. after the appointment
  4. because I feel weak
  5. very painful
  6. she is waiting

B. 找出詞組

找出每句中的 noun phrase、adjective phrase 或 verb phrase。

  1. The sharp pain is
    very worrying.
  2. She has been waiting outside.
  3. I need some medicine.

C. 完成句子

從括號內選擇合適的部分。

  1. I will rest
    (because I feel tired / because of tired).
  2. (When I walk / When walk), it hurts.
  3. She (is very weak / very weak) today.
答案

A. Phrase 還是 Clause?

1. P;2. C;3. P;4. C;5. P;6. C。

B. 找出詞組

  1. Noun phrase:
    The sharp pain
    adjective phrase:
    very worrying
  2. Verb phrase:
    has been waiting
  3. Noun phrase:
    some medicine

C. 完成句子

  1. because I feel tired
  2. When I walk
  3. is very weak

7. 課堂總結

  • Phrase = 詞組;通常沒有完整的主語+動詞。
  • Clause = 子句;有主語+動詞。
  • Noun phrase 像名詞。
  • Adjective phrase 形容人或事物。
  • Verb phrase 表示動作或狀態。
  • Independent clause 可以獨立成句。
  • Dependent clause 需要連接另一個子句。

一句記憶口訣


Phrase gives information; clause gives a subject and a verb.

詞組提供資料;子句提供主語和動詞。